Lion’s mane is a mushroom you could buy at a market. Hericium erinaceus fruits on hardwood, is grown commercially on sawdust, and has been eaten as a vegetable for centuries. Cordyceps is a genus of fungi that parasitize insects, and the famous member of it has never been farmed as a fruiting body. The 2007 phylogenetic revision of Cordyceps moved the caterpillar fungus into Ophiocordyceps, so a label reading Cordyceps sinensis is using a name superseded almost twenty years ago.
What is in a cordyceps capsule is therefore one of two things. Either a cultivated Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, which is a real mushroom and does contain cordycepin, or Cs-4, a liquid fermentation of Paecilomyces hepiali Chen grown as mycelium and dried. Both human exercise trials used Cs-4. Neither tested a militaris fruiting body, which is what most of the current market sells.
Our own label is part of this problem. The Endoca Cordyceps Mushroom Extract ingredient statement reads organic cordyceps mushroom extract and stops there. It names neither a species nor a part used, so nobody reading it can tell which of the two materials above they are holding.
A polysaccharide figure can be mostly cereal. Mycelium and fermented biomass are grown on or in a starch-rich substrate, and McCleary and Draga found that in mycelial products the bulk of the grain starch remains intact and is by far the major glucan in the finished product. Crude polysaccharide assays count it. The beta-glucan method does not: it hydrolyzes total glucan with acid, measures alpha-glucan separately, and reports the remainder.
That makes alpha-glucan the diagnostic number, not a nuisance. A genuine fruiting body carries very little of it: in a 39-species screen, turkey tail read 0.41 g alpha-glucan per 100 g dry matter against 60.79 g beta-glucan, and maitake 5.04 g against 25.99 g. A product reporting a high polysaccharide figure and no alpha-glucan figure is withholding the one number that would settle the question.
Solvent choice then splits these two species. Cordyceps is the easier case, because beta-glucans and the nucleosides adenosine and cordycepin are all water soluble, so a hot water extract is defensible on its own. Lion’s mane is not: hot water carries its beta-glucans and leaves the hericenones behind, which is why the extraction method belongs beside the figure.
Two trials of the same Cs-4 material pointed opposite ways, and the difference was the people, not the fungus: untrained adults in their sixties against trained cyclists. Neither used the species most capsules now contain. Lion’s mane fares a little better, with one positive 16 week trial and one null acute trial.
These are not substitutes, so choose by the question you want answered. With lion’s mane, the question is fruiting body or mycelium, because hericenones sit in one and erinacines in the other, and a hot water extract carries neither family. With cordyceps, the question is which organism: cultivated Cordyceps militaris, or the Cs-4 ferment that both published exercise trials actually used. Then ask both for an alpha-glucan figure alongside the beta-glucan figure, because that pair is what separates mushroom from substrate. If a seller will not answer either question, the label is the answer.
Both are sold as dietary supplements under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, which allows truthful, substantiated structure and function statements carried with the disclaimer below, and allows no claim to treat, prevent or cure a disease. One labeling rule bears directly on this page. Under 21 CFR 101.4(h), a botanical dietary ingredient must declare the part of the plant it comes from. Applied honestly to a fungus, that writes the fruiting body against mycelium question into the ingredient statement, and it is why a label naming neither species nor part is not good enough, ours included.
The cordyceps risk is in the wild material rather than the cultivated kind. High arsenic residues in wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis are a recognized problem, and a 2019 speciation study found most of the arsenic present was in an unidentified form which may convert to free inorganic arsenic. Cultivated militaris and fermented Cs-4 avoid that exposure route, which is a genuine argument for them. Lion’s mane was tolerated without adverse laboratory findings across 16 weeks at 3 g a day. None of this material has human safety data in pregnancy, breastfeeding or childhood.
Our mushroom range is tested for identity and for the contaminants that matter, heavy metals, pesticides and microbes, and heavy metal testing is the relevant screen for any cordyceps material. What our certificates do not yet carry is a beta-glucan figure reported separately from alpha-glucan, and our cordyceps ingredient statement names neither species nor part. Both are fixable and neither is fixed. Hemp batch certificates have come from our own farm, our own land and our own extraction since 2010.
Usually not. Wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis grows on caterpillars on the Tibetan plateau and is collected by hand, never farmed as a fruiting body. Commercial capsules contain cultivated Cordyceps militaris or Cs-4, a fermented mycelial biomass of Paecilomyces hepiali Chen, which is a different organism.
Lion’s mane, marginally, and only because it has more trials rather than better ones. It has a positive 16 week trial in 30 adults and a null acute trial in 18. Cordyceps has two Cs-4 exercise trials that disagree, one positive in older adults and one negative in cyclists.
Because the trade kept the old name. The 2007 phylogenetic revision of the genus moved the caterpillar fungus to Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Cs-4 research published before and after that date often still says Cordyceps sinensis, even though the strain itself is Paecilomyces hepiali Chen.
Four things: the species, the part used, a beta-glucan figure and an alpha-glucan figure beside it. That last pair matters because fermented biomass carries substrate starch, and McCleary and Draga found starch is usually the major glucan in a mycelial product.
Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol. 2007;57:5-59.
Chen S, Li Z, Krochmal R, Abrazado M, Kim W, Cooper CB. Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(5):585-590.
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Yao L, Xu Q, Xu Y, et al. Paecilomyces hepiali Chen (Cs-4) polysaccharides ameliorate chronic liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2026;359:121066.
Singpoonga N, Rittiron R, Seang-On B, Chaiprasart P, Bantadjan Y. Determination of adenosine and cordycepin concentrations in Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies using near-infrared spectroscopy. ACS Omega. 2020;5(42):27235-27244.
Li Y, Liu Y, Han X, Jin H, Ma S. Arsenic species in Cordyceps sinensis and its potential health risks. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1471.
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Surendran G, Saye J, Binti Mohd Jalil S, et al. Acute effects of a standardized extract of Hericium erinaceus (lion’s mane mushroom) on cognition and mood in healthy younger adults: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1405796.
Docherty S, Doughty FL, Smith EF. The acute and chronic effects of lion’s mane mushroom supplementation on cognitive function, stress and mood in young adults: a double-blind, parallel groups, pilot study. Nutrients. 2023;15(22):4842.
McCleary BV, Draga A. Measurement of beta-glucan in mushrooms and mycelial products. J AOAC Int. 2016;99(2):364-373.
Sari M, Prange A, Lelley JI, Hambitzer R. Screening of beta-glucan contents in commercially cultivated and wild growing mushrooms. Food Chem. 2017;216:45-51.
Last reviewed 1 October 2026.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.